Poetry and History, the 1949 lecture by Eli Siegel which we are serializing, has what men and women everywhere need desperately. It has that beautiful, large, exact, respectful way of seeing people and reality which is central to Aesthetic Realism. 

     Mr. Siegel shows in this lecture that history is like art. He is the critic who has explained that all art is "the oneness of the permanent opposites in reality as seen by an individual." So too, he is showing here, is history — though history’s material is not words, or musical notes, or colors and shapes, but events and human beings. History, he shows, is the alive oneness of such opposites as order and disorder, happening and feeling, ordinary and extraordinary, personal and impersonal, known and unknown. 

     Every once in a while there is a happening that makes people more aware of two tremendous questions: What is art? and What is the relation between art and morality? Such a happening is the to-do in New York about the Brooklyn Museum’s "Sensation" exhibition — with the mayor condemning the exhibition, wanting it shut down, and wanting public funding withheld from the museum. I am not commenting here on the desire to suppress that which offends one and which may even be offensive as such. What I do comment on are those two great, centuries-old questions. Eli Siegel is the critic who has answered them. 

     The "Sensation" exhibition includes, for example, sculpture made of the artist’s own frozen blood; a real pig, split in half so that its insides are on view; an actual cow’s head, decaying, complete with live maggots; and the work that the mayor called "Catholic-bashing," a picture of an African Virgin Mary accompanied by pieces of real elephant dung and cutouts from porn magazines. The response to the exhibition has mainly taken three forms: 1) outrage at its "sickness," "sacrilege," and "obscenity"; 2) praise of its boldness; 3) the response (according to polls) of most New Yorkers — that whatever its contents, the exhibit should not be censored (a view with which I am in agreement). But this underlying question has not been answered in the public controversy: What is it that makes one work containing repulsive material be art, or even approach art, be in the territory of art; and what makes another not be art, and be, in fact, against art? 

     Aesthetic Realism shows that not only is this a crucial aesthetic question; it is a crucial question for the life of every person. And the reason is, it involves the huge, pressing battle going on within each of us: between contempt for the world and respect for it. 

     Then, there is the desire we have to respect and like the world honestly. This is our deepest desire; it is the purpose we were born for, though we may betray it by having contempt day after day. All true art, Aesthetic Realism shows definitely, arises from respect for the world. And that is so whether the art is Fragonard’s depiction of a young lady free and decorous on a swing — or Bosch’s Garden of Earthly Delights, with its giant birds and fish, its many naked people engaging in strange and inelegant activities, its use of the disgusting. 

     The criterion for the work at the Brooklyn Museum, and for any work involving the shocking or the repellent, is: does it arise from respect for the world; or does it arise from the desire to have and evoke contempt for the world? A person’s contempt can make for a merely "decorative" and dull painting of a pretty child with a pretty kitten — because to soothe oneself by making the world less strange and critical than it is, is to have contempt for it. And to arrange some of the repellent possibilities of the world so as to have people feel they are in a disgusting universe, is contempt too, and is hurtful. Anything, whether falsely soothing or shocking, that encourages our contempt for reality, weakens us, because contempt for the world is the most weakening emotion we can have. 

     From the beginning, art has included the unpleasant. It is in Homer’s descriptions of Greek and Trojan warriors injuring each other’s bodies. But as the centuries have proceeded, increasingly artists have said in various ways, "This — which my predecessors thought too ugly to be of art — should be included too, and I will show how." The this could be, perhaps, lice-infested bedding, which a novelist describes in fine prose. It could be a certain dissonance which makes your skin creep, but which a composer shows is part of music too. 

     In his poem "History of Art," Eli Siegel asks this question, which I think is great, crucial, and lovable: "What is deserved by the disgusting?" A means of seeing the answer is a line from a poem he quotes in the section of Poetry and History published here. It is an anonymous Chinese poem of the 2nd century BC, about soldiers who died in battle; and in Arthur Waley’s translation the line is 

Their flesh was the food of crows.

    The form also is a oneness of tangibility and wonder, of touchable matter and what is beyond one’s grasp. The content is horribly tangible. We hear the tactual too, through the gentle friction of consonants in the word "flesh" and the harsh cr of "crows." And yet we also have a feeling of wonder, even reverence, through the oo sound in "food" and that long o at the end of the line. I imagine this translation conveys something of the oneness of opposites felt and heard in the original. 

     What has happened is that the anonymous Chinese writer has given the disgusting what it deserved: he so much wanted to see reality justly, and to use this unlikable subject to see it justly, that reality’s opposites became one in his line. We feel the world itself there: the world which is both stir and quiet, the horrible and gentle, flesh and wonder. That is "what is deserved by the disgusting": that it be used to be just to reality. 

     And here is the reason why the authentic presence of the repellent in art is the most hopeful thing in the world: art shows that when we see an ugly thing truly, the world looks more beautiful to us, not less; more meaningful, not less, more to be respected, not less! 

A landscape..., receding into space, provided the setting which Bosch peopled with a multitude of real and imaginary figures all treated with meticulously rendered detail.

     Eli Siegel showed that art, whatever its subject, is always moral, because it is fair to the world. If it is not fair to the world, it is not art. And then, the contempt in it, the lessening of what’s not oneself for one’s own importance, would be like contempt anywhere. It would be like the contempt of a government leader who deprives people of what they need and deserve and calls it patriotism. (The government leader’s contempt is, of course, more hurtful.) 

     Eli Siegel was, in my opinion, the greatest of artists. That is so not only in his poetry, but in the justice, which he had all the time, to people and to reality itself. 

— Ellen Reiss, Class Chairman of Aesthetic Realism      What History Says By Eli Siegel        History does consist of the definite, the individual — not only of the self as individual, but of the specific happening. Then, it seems to be surrounded by environment, conditionings, significances. It is a mingling of the anonymous and the very well known. There is Louis XIV, Louis the Magnifique, le Grand Monarque; and he’s surrounded by all kinds of French people — children, women, men, grandfathers — who were in France along with him. They are the people of France.       It is interesting to see how in the history of history, there can be an accent on finding the individual, and an accent on the people. When John Richard Green in the 1870s called his book A Short History of the English People and said he was going to deal with the people, he was representing one point in history. That stands for the general.       The general has to be present in poetry, and the particular must be. If, while seeing an individuality, there were a fairness to all individualities, we would have that combination of biography and institutional or social history which history is going for. It corresponds to the problem of the general idea and the specific idea in poetry.       I, of course, have been interested, as I intimated, in this problem for a very long while. I think no person can understand himself who is not interested in history. Quite a few years ago I wrote a little poem, which I know I meant sincerely; and it is about history. This is called "Went Away from the Man":  The Assyrian dog  Near the Assyrian tree, barked  And went away from the man.      The reason I wrote this is that, along with all the strangeness of Assyria, there were things that happened which could happen, let us say, in Jersey City. If a tree existed in Assyria, it was an Assyrian tree. If a dog existed in Assyria, it was an Assyrian dog. If a child existed in Assyria, it was an Assyrian child. And yet, with all this definiteness of Assyria, everything is around. The presentation of the single fact with the surrounding that every single fact has, is what history is calling for, and what, in its way, is in poetry.       The unknown also can be a subject of history. History, like poetry, is a sincere and yet managed dealing with known and unknown. In Chinese and Japanese poetry, the unknown can be dealt with very sadly, very deeply. There is a Chinese poem, an anonymous poem, which is about people whom one doesn’t know about. It’s history about people, the names of whom can’t be given. It’s one of the saddest poems in history; it’s one of the saddest poems in poetry. I read from An Anthology of World Poetry, edited by Mark Van Doren. This is called "Fighting South of the Castle"; the translation is by Arthur Waley:  They fought south of the castle,  They died north of the wall.  They died in the moors and were not buried. Their flesh was the food of crows.  "Tell the crows we are not afraid;  We have died in the moors and cannot be buried.  Crows, how can our bodies escape you?"  The waters flowed deep  And the rushes in the pool were dark.  The riders fought and were slain:  Their horses wander neighing.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  I think of you, faithful soldiers;  Your service shall not be forgotten.  For in the morning you went out to battle  And at night you did not return.      To think of persons, before Christ, in China going out to battle and not returning, and the isolated China of then, is very affecting. In history there is great desolation. Every record, every epitaph, every statement is a desire to take the lonely world of space and make it warm, and make it definite.       History, as reality, and as poetry, goes after the affirmation of what is, and what can be; and never wants to forget the is. It never wants to say anything that was, is no longer. That is unfair. If it was, it has the right to be: that is what history says. All history goes after immortalizing; so does all poetry. Poetry is a saying that my feeling is worth putting down. History is a saying that the feelings of people and the people themselves are worth putting down so that they can be remembered.       History is getting to be more precise and more democratic. And so, in the long run, will poetry be.